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Fougasse (weapon)
A fougasse is an improvised mortar constructed by making a hollow in the ground or rock and filling it with explosives (originally, black powder) and projectiles. The fougasse was well known to military engineers by the mid-eighteenth century but was also referred to by Vauban in the seventeenth century and was used by Samuel Zimmermann at Augsburg〔''(The Origins of Military Mines )'', Major William C. Schneck, Engineer Bulletin July 1998〕 in the sixteenth century. This technique was used in several European wars, the American Revolution, and the American Civil War. The term is still used to describe such devices.
== Firing ==
The normal method of firing was to use a burning torch or slow match to ignite a ''saucisson'' (French for "big sausage", a cloth or leather tube waterproofed with pitch and filled with black powder) leading to the main charge. This had numerous disadvantages; the firer was obvious to the attacking enemy, and had to race to get clear after lighting the fuse. The black powder was also very susceptible to moisture, and might not work at all. In 1573 Samuel Zimmermann devised an improved method which incorporated a snaphance (or later, flintlock mechanism) into the charge and connected its trigger to the surface with a wire.〔''(The Origins of Military Mines )'', Major William C. Schneck, Engineer Bulletin July 1998〕 This was more resistant to moisture, better concealed, and enabled the firer to be further away. It also enabled the fougasse to be tripwire activated, turning it into an anti-personnel fragmentation mine.
In a letter to his sister, Colonel Hugh Robert Hibbert described such a weapon employed during the Crimean War:
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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